Shahid KhambattaWelcome to our guide on gemology tools and instruments. Whether you’re a professional gemologist or a gemstone enthusiast, having the right tools is crucial for accurate gem identification and analysis. In this guide, we will explore a wide range of gemology tools and their uses. From microscopes to refractometers, we’ll cover everything you need to build a well-equipped gem lab. Let’s dive in!
Table of Contents
- Introduction to Gemology Tools
- Gemology Reference Materials
- Loupe: A Magnifying Essential
- Microscope: Revealing Intricate Details
- Refractometer: Measuring the Refractive Index
- Balance Beam Scale and Heavy Liquids: Determining Specific Gravity
- Dichroscope: Unveiling Dichroic Properties
- Polariscope: Identifying Optical Properties
- Spectroscope: Analyzing Absorption Spectra
- Miscellaneous Gemology Tools
- Conclusion
1. Introduction to Gemology Tools
Gemology involves the study of the optical and physical properties of gemstones to differentiate one species from another. To aid in this process, gemologists rely on a variety of tools and instruments. These tools help them observe and measure properties such as refractive index, specific gravity, birefringence, and more.
It’s important to note that the quality of gemology tools can greatly impact the accuracy of your observations. While budget considerations are a factor, investing in higher quality instruments whenever possible will yield more reliable results.
Now, let’s explore the specific gemology tools that are essential for your gem lab.
2. Gemology Reference Materials
Before diving into the world of gemology tools, it’s crucial to invest in good reference materials. These resources provide valuable information about gemstone properties and help you make sense of the observations made with your instruments.
Two highly recommended reference books are:
- “The Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones” by Dr. Joel Arem: This book lists approximately 3,000 natural minerals and synthetic materials that have been cut into gems. It serves as an excellent source of information and is available for purchase on platforms like Amazon. (You can also download the second edition as free PDFs.)
- “Gemstones of the World” by Walter Schumann: This book offers comprehensive information about various gemstones, including their sources. It’s an easier read compared to “The Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones” and provides valuable insights into gem sources.
In addition to these books, the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) offers two noteworthy references:
- “Gem Reference Guide”: Similar to the Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones, this guide focuses on around a hundred stones that are commonly found in jewelry. It offers user-friendly information and can be an excellent companion for gemologists.
- “Handbook of Gem Identification”: Considered one of the best books on gem identification, this GIA publication provides detailed instructions on using gemology tools and step-by-step guidance on separating gem species.
By building a solid reference library, you’ll have the necessary knowledge to interpret the observations made with your gemology tools effectively.
3. Loupe: A Magnifying Essential
A high-quality loupe is an indispensable tool for gemologists. It allows you to observe gemstones at magnification and evaluate their clarity, inclusions, and color. When choosing a loupe, opt for a good quality 10x (ten power) loupe. While there are economy loupes available, a color corrected triplet loupe is the preferred option due to its accurate color representation and minimal distortion.
Key considerations for selecting a loupe:
- Magnification: A 10x loupe provides a good balance between magnification and field of view. It allows you to examine gemstones in detail without sacrificing clarity.
- Color Correction: Ensure the loupe has color correction features, so you can accurately assess the color of gemstones.
Remember to handle your loupe with care, as even the slightest damage to the lenses can affect its performance.
4. Microscope: Revealing Intricate Details
While a loupe is useful for handheld examinations, a microscope is essential for studying gemstone inclusions and differentiating natural gems from synthetic ones. A gem microscope offers higher magnification, making it easier to observe minute details. Look for microscopes specifically designed for gemstone studies, as they often come with features tailored to gemological needs.
Consider the following when selecting a microscope:
- Magnification Power: A minimum 40x stereo microscope is recommended for gemstone identification. Higher magnification can provide more detailed observations and aid in accurate gem identification.
- Quality vs. Budget: Aim for the highest quality microscope you can afford, but keep in mind that the skill of the operator is crucial. Even with slightly lower quality optics, a skilled gemologist can still make accurate identifications.
By utilizing a microscope, you can unlock a new level of understanding and delve deeper into the world of gemstone characteristics.
5. Refractometer: Measuring the Refractive Index
Measuring the refractive index (RI) of gemstones is a fundamental step in gem identification. A refractometer is the go-to tool for this purpose, providing valuable insights into a gem’s optical properties. Two primary types of refractometers are available: diffraction grating and prism.
Consider the following when selecting a refractometer:
- Refractometer Type: Both diffraction grating and prism refractometers offer accurate results. However, ensure that the reference materials and instructions you consult align with the type of refractometer you use, as the displays and measurements may vary.
- Calibrated Scale: While it’s possible to use a refractometer without a calibrated scale, having one enhances accuracy, especially for beginners. However, keep in mind that a calibrated scale increases the price of the refractometer.
By accurately measuring the refractive index, you can further narrow down the possibilities and make more informed gemstone identifications.
6. Balance Beam Scale and Heavy Liquids: Determining Specific Gravity
Determining the specific gravity (SG) of gemstones is an essential step in identification. Two methods commonly used are the balance beam scale and heavy liquids.
Consider the following when performing specific gravity tests:
- Balance Beam Scale: A balance beam scale can be used to measure specific gravity as long as one pan can be submerged in water. It’s a reliable and accurate method, especially when combined with an accurate scale.
- Heavy Liquids: Heavy liquids offer an alternative method for determining specific gravity. By observing whether a gemstone floats or sinks in liquids with predetermined specific gravities, you can estimate its specific gravity. However, keep in mind that heavy liquids are toxic and flammable, requiring careful handling.
Having the ability to determine specific gravity aids in distinguishing between gemstone species and can be a valuable tool in your gemological arsenal.
7. Dichroscope: Unveiling Dichroic Properties
The dichroscope is a small, handheld instrument used to identify dichroic properties in gemstones. By separating the colors exhibited by a gem when viewed from different angles, the dichroscope helps differentiate natural gems from imitations.
Consider the following when using a dichroscope:
- Construction: A dichroscope typically consists of two small pieces of polarizing material oriented at 90 degrees to each other, along with magnification. While commercially available dichroscopes are readily accessible, it’s also possible to construct one yourself.
By utilizing a dichroscope, you can reveal the hidden dichroic properties of gemstones, adding an additional layer of identification capability to your gem lab.
8. Polariscope: Identifying Optical Properties
A polariscope is a valuable tool for identifying optical properties of gemstones, such as single or double refraction, optic sign, strain, and twinning. It consists of two pieces of polarizing material that allow you to examine gems for various optical phenomena.
Consider the following when using a polariscope:
- Light Source and Polarizing Material: A polariscope requires a steady light source from underneath and two pieces of polarizing material that hold the gem between them. One piece can remain stationary, while the other should rotate to facilitate observation.
By analyzing the gem’s behavior under polarized light, you can gain insights into its optical properties, aiding in the identification process.
9. Spectroscope: Analyzing Absorption Spectra
A spectroscope is an indispensable tool for studying a gemstone’s absorption spectrum, which helps identify its unique characteristics and distinguish it from other species. There are two primary types of spectrometers: diffraction grating and prism.
Consider the following when selecting a spectroscope:
- Spectroscope Type: Both diffraction grating and prism spectrometers provide accurate results. However, ensure that you refer to resources and guides compatible with your spectrometer type to avoid confusion.
- Calibrated Scale: A spectroscope with a calibrated scale is preferable for beginners, as it aids in accurate assessments. However, it comes at a higher cost, so consider your budget accordingly.
By examining the absorption lines and patterns displayed by a gemstone, you can gain valuable insights into its composition and make informed identifications.
10. Miscellaneous Gemology Tools
Apart from the essential gemology tools discussed above, there are several other miscellaneous items that can enhance your gem lab capabilities. These tools include:
- Gem Cloth or Strainer: For cleaning gems or preventing them from going down the drain while cleaning.
- Tweezers or Gem Holder: To securely hold gemstones during examination.
- Small Glass Dishes: Used for immersion studies.
- Stone Line: Allows you to line up stones side by side for grading purposes.
- Calipers or Micrometer: Measuring the dimensions of gemstones accurately.
- Scale: Weighing gemstones, especially crucial for trade purposes.
Additionally, certain specialized tools can be beneficial for specific tasks:
- Jeweler’s Eye or Reflectometer: Measures luster and is useful for portable, on-the-go assessments.
- Diamond Tester: Essential for identifying small diamonds in settings or distinguishing low-quality diamonds.
- Hardness Sets: Used to determine the hardness of substances and identify gemstone rough (avoid using them on finished gems).
- Streak Testing Materials: Used for detecting coloring agents in minerals (avoid using them on finished gems).
- Chelsea Filter: Handy for determining if a material gets its color from chromium.
These miscellaneous tools can enhance your gemological experience and provide additional avenues for analysis and identification.
11. Conclusion
Congratulations on completing our comprehensive guide to gemology tools and instruments! By investing in high-quality tools and building a reference library, you’re well on your way to becoming a proficient gemologist. Remember, the key to accurate gem identification lies in practice, experience, and continuous learning.
Shahid Khambatta
